How Clean is the Air We Breathe? A Study of Hazardous No₂ Gas at Jumbo Supermarket in Manado

Adventia Pamela Tandaju; Oksfriani Jufri Suamampouw; Vennetia Ryckerens Danes

doi:10.59890/ijasr.v3i11.138

Authors

Adventia Pamela Tandaju Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Oksfriani Jufri Suamampouw Universitas Sam Ratulangi
Vennetia Ryckerens Danes Universitas Sam Ratulangi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59890/ijasr.v3i11.138

Keywords:

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Ambient Air Quality, Jumbo Swalayan, Environmental Health, Shopping Center

Abstract

Ambient air quality is a crucial environmental health determinant, particularly in densely populated areas like shopping centers. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), a primary pollutant from vehicle emissions, poses significant risks to respiratory and cardiovascular health. Traders who are active in these locations long-term represent a vulnerable group. Data on NO₂ concentrations in the Jumbo Swalayan area of Manado remains limited, while morbidity data for Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) in this region is notably high. This study aimed to measure the ambient NO₂ concentrations in the Jumbo Swalayan area of Manado City. This observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from May to July 2025. Ambient air samples were collected using a purposive sampling method at three points representing areas with the highest intensity of merchant and vehicle activity. Sampling was performed at three time intervals (morning, noon, afternoon) using a Low Volume Air Sampler (LVAS). The samples were analyzed in a laboratory according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7117.3:2016 using the spectrophotometric method. Data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics and compared against the national ambient air quality standard (Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021). The measurement results showed that NO₂ concentrations varied between 25 µg/m³ and 102 µg/m³. The highest concentration was found during noon at the point with the highest traffic intensity (102 µg/m³). Overall, all measured values remained below the national ambient air quality standard of 200 µg/m³. The concentration pattern showed an increase during noon and was associated with higher air temperatures and lower wind speeds. The ambient air quality in the Jumbo Swalayan area of Manado City, based on the NO₂ parameter, still complies with the national quality standard. However, significant temporal and spatial variations, with concentrations nearing half the standard limit at certain points, indicate a potential risk of chronic exposure for traders. Traffic management and periodic monitoring at identified hotspots are recommended as preventive measures

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